AR-15s are typically composed of two main components: the lower receiver and the upper receiver. Legally, in the United States, the lower receiver is considered the firearm and is the part that bears the serial number required by federal law. The upper receiver, containing the barrel, bolt carrier group, and other components, is not serialized under current federal regulations.
This distinction between serialized and non-serialized components has significant implications for regulations, record-keeping, and the tracking of these firearms. It affects how these firearms are purchased, transferred, and tracked by law enforcement. Understanding this division is crucial for compliance with existing laws. This legal framework has evolved over time, influenced by various legislative acts and regulatory interpretations.